What gave rise to the tresino concept? This is not easy to answer, but it mostly had to do with discussions John Reitz and I had about the controversial “cold fusion” experiments in the news beginning in 1989. We had started wondering if the well established physics of the past decades had overlooked some aspects, actually some configurations, of hydrogen isotopes. But, hydrogen was so well studied, how could that have been? We began looking at ideas that involved protons and electrons in various ways. One of these was the tresino configuration:
At some point we recognized that this composite system was a bound state. If formed, it would release its binding energy and would persist unless this energy was re-introduced to make the system come apart. As we looked at this possibility, it became clear this was surely a candidate to explain the “cold fusion” observations. This concept was stated in our first paper introducing the tresino composite:
Electromagnetic Composites at the Compton Scale
A new class of electromagnetic composite particles is proposed. The composites are very small (the Compton scale), potentially long-lived, would have unique interactions with atomic and nuclear systems, and, if they exist, could explain a number of otherwise anomalous and conflicting observations in diverse research areas.
Mayer, F. J., & Reitz, J. R.,“Electromagnetic Composites at the Compton Scale, Int J Theor Phys (2012) 51:322330 DOI 10.1007/s10773-011-0959-8;
However, we were not interested in getting involved in the “cold-fusion” controversy. Furthermore, we were already aware of another controversy in geophysics about determining the source of the heat coming from the earth. Our next research looked into how tresinos might be playing a role.
Thermal Energy Generation in the Earth
A recently introduced class of electromagnetic composite particles can explain some discrepancies in observations involving heat and helium released from the earth. Energy release during the formation of the composites and subsequent nuclear reactions involving the composites are described that can quantitatively account for the discrepancies and are expected to have implications in other areas of geophysics—for example, a new picture of heat production and volcanism in the earth is presented.
Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., Nonlin. Processes in Geophys., 21, 36778, (2014) “Thermal energy generation in the earth”, and Corrigendum to Nonlin. Processes in Geophys., 21, 503, (2014), DOI 10.5194/npg-21-367-2014;
The geophysics implications of tresino formation continued to be an important focus of research. Even in the first tresino introduction, it was clear that there may also be a connection to dark matter and dark energy in cosmological observations. This connection required considerable time to formulate a cosmology theory and several papers to explain how this related to other theories:
A Parametric Heat Flow Model in the Spherical Earth
We model the temperature profile of the Earth with the two heat sources: the first is the interior source, generally understood by geophysicists as the primary, if not only, source; the second is a source closer to the surface (explained in the paper). The model temperature profiles with our chosen best-fit parameters are compared with data from the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) to examine the relative sizes of the two sources; the near-surface source is found to be much larger than the interior source. If correct, the near-surface source could explain a number of paradoxes involving the heat coming from the Earth that have until now not been resolved.
Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., “A parametric heat flow model in the spherical earth”, Solid Earth Sciences, 4, (2019), 125-127, DOI 10.1016/j.sesci.2019.07.001;
Compton Composites Late in the Early Universe
Beginning roughly two hundred years after the big-bang, a tresino phase transition generated Compton-scale composite particles and converted most of the ordinary plasma baryons into new forms of dark matter. Our model consists of ordinary electrons and protons that have been bound into mostly undetectable forms. This picture provides an explanation of the composition and history of ordinary to dark matter conversion starting with, and maintaining, a critical density Universe. The tresino phase transition started the conversions of ordinary matter plasma into tresino-proton pairs prior to the recombination era. We derive the appropriate Saha-Boltzmann equilibrium to determine the plasma competitions throughout the phase transition and later. The baryon population is shown to be quickly modified from ordinary matter plasma prior to the transition to a small amount of ordinary matter and much larger amount of dark matter after the transition. We describe the tresino phase transition and the origin, quantity and evolution of the dark matter as it takes place from the late in the early Universe until the present.
Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., “Compton Composites Late in the Early Universe” Galaxies (2014), 2, 382-409; DOI 10.3390/galaxies2030382;
Dark Rotors In the Late Universe
The tresino phase transition that took place about 300 years after the big-bang converted most baryons into almost equal numbers of protons and tresinos. Many of these become oppositely charged rotating pairs or “rotors”. This paper examines the formation, evolution, disposition and observations of the protons and tresinos from the phase-transition to the present era. The solar corona formation was examined within the same tresino phase-transition picture.
Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., “Dark rotors in the late universe” Heliyon(2015) e00039; DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2015: e00039;
Hidden Baryons: The Physics of Compton Composites
A large fraction of the mass-energy of the Universe appears to be composed of Compton composites. How is it then that these composites are not frequently observed in experiments? This paper addresses this question, and others, by reviewing recent publications that 1) introduced Compton composites, 2) showed how and where they are formed and 3) explained how they interact with other systems. Though ubiquitous in many physical situations, Compton composites are almost completely hidden in experiments due to their unique interaction characteristics. Still, their presence has been indirectly observed, though not interpreted as such, until recently. Looking to the future, direct-detection experiments are proposed that could verify the composites’ components.
Mayer, F. J., “Hidden baryons: The physics of Compton composites”, EPL, 114 (2016) 69000;DOI 10.1209/0295-5075/114/69001;
The Baryon Phase-Transition Model and the
Too Strange Standard Model of Cosmology
The Standard Model of Cosmology (SMC) has evolved in the decades since the 1965 Penzias and Wilson observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Over this 50-year period, the SMC has become increasingly strange due to a number of questionable assumptions. This paper examines some of the assumptions and compares them to our Baryon Phase-Transition cosmological model.
Mayer, F. J., “The Baryon Phase-Transition Model and the too strange Standard Model of Cosmology”, Universe (2017), 3, 18; DOI 10.3390/universe3010018;
Superconductivity and Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions
It is proposed that the excess energy released in Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (aka cold fusion) is initiated in a phase transition yielding a fraction of superconducting electrons, which then start a deuteron-driven chain of nuclear reactions recently detailed in the geophysics arena.
Mayer, F. J., “Superconductivity and Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions,” Results in Physics, doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.02.027
Brief Communication: Electron Pair Donors and
Earth’s Energy Generation
This Brief Communication presents a series of model calculations for the electron pair donor densities required for tresino thermal energy generation in the Earth. The crucial density of electron donors is determined from the ratio of 3He and 4He after many years starting from initial densities of the donor pairs. In addition, a new proposal is introduced that connects Cooper pair formations to the deuteron tresino nuclear reaction chain (the chain that determines the 3He/4He ratio). Furthermore, it is proposed that magnetotelluric (MT) observations may be connected to Cooper pair formation either with or without substantial heating.
Mayer, F., Brief communication: Electron pair donors and Earth’s energy generation, Nonlin. Processes Geophys. Discuss. doi: 10.5194/npg-2018-13, 2018
Geophysical Implications of Tresino Formation:
A Narrated Review
Recent understandings regarding tresinos in laboratory experiments and geophysical observations represents a new paradigm for Earth’s energy generation and a new direction toward developing tresino-generated power reactors.
Mayer, F.J., Geophysical Implications of Tresino Formation: A Narrated Review; Int J Earth Sci Geol. 2020; 2(1): 86-89. doi: 10.18689/ijeg-1000110
Cosmic Implications of Tresino Formation: A Narrated Review
Tresino formation plays an important role in determining the composition of the Universe from late in the early Universe until now. This paper presents a simplified version of our Baryon Phase Transition cosmology in order to make clear how the composition evolved to become what it is.
Mayer, F.J., Cosmic Implications of Tresino Formation: A Narrated Review. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2020; 2(1): 112-114. DOI 10.18689/ijcaa-1000123;
The Phase-Transition Beneath the Solar Surface
This paper discusses the implications of the recently-identified composite particle (the tresino and its formation energy) on the unexplained heating and eruptions in the solar corona.
Mayer FJ. The Phase-Transition Beneath the Solar Surface. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2021; 3(1): 121-124. doi:
Spin-Mediated Electron Pairing
This paper introduces a newly recognized process in which electrons can briefly pair up at close range based upon a balance of forces between electrical repulsion (i.e., charge) and magnetic attraction (i.e., spin) in a manner wholly distinct from the electron pairing process explained in traditional theories of superconductivity. The resultant two-electron state is a short-lived Compton-scale composite where the two electrons are held together in a balance of opposing forces.
Mayer FJ. Spin-Mediated Electron Pairing. Int J Phys Stud Res. 2021; 4(1): 95-97. doi: 10.18689/ijpsr 1000115
The Physics of the Tresino Phase-Transition beneath
the Solar Surface
Mayer FJ. The Physics of the Tresino Phase-Transition beneath
the Solar Surface. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2022; 4(1): 158-160. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000129
Initiating Tresino Phase-Transitions in Laboratory
Hydrogen-Plasmas
Mayer FJ. Initiating Tresino Phase-Transitions in Laboratory Hydrogen-Plasmas. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2022; 4(2): 199-201. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000136
Letter to Editor: How the Tresino phase-transition is driven to ignite
Coronal Mass Ejections
Mayer FJ. How the Tresino phase-transition is driven to ignite
Coronal Mass Ejections. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2023;
5(1): 202-204. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000137
Letter to Editor II: How the Tresino Phase-Transition Heats the Solar
Corona and Energizes the Solar Wind
Mayer FJ. How the Tresino Phase-Transition Heats the Solar Corona and Energizes the Solar Wind. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2023; 5(1): 208-209. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000139
Letter to Editor III: Toward Tresino phase-transition Power
Mayer FJ. Toward Tresino phase-transition Power. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2023; 5(2): 237-239. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000144
Letter to Editor IV: Spin-Mediated Electron Pairing II
Mayer FJ. Spin-Mediated Electron Pairing II. Int J Phys Stud Res. 2024; 6(1):110-111. doi: 10.18689/ijpsr-1000118
Letter to Editor V: Revisiting Compton Composites Late in the Early Universe
Mayer FJ. Revisiting Compton Composites Late in the Early Universe. Int J Cosmol Astron Astrophys. 2024; 6(1): 272-273. doi: 10.18689/ijcaa-1000148
Letter to Editor VI: The Electron’s Hidden Role in Cold Fusion/LENR
Mayer FJ. The Electron’s Hidden Role in Cold Fusion/LENR. Int J Phys Stud Res. 2024; 6(2): 119-121. doi: 10.18689/ijpsr-1000120
Letter to Editor VII: 4He observations in Cold Fusion experiments
Mayer FJ. 4He observations in Cold Fusion experiments. Int J Phys Stud Res. 2024; 6(2): 130-131. doi: 10.18689/ijpsr-1000122
Earlier Studies Leading to Understanding Some Experimental Observations
| Reitz, J.R., Mayer, F. J., “New electromagnetic bound states” J. of Math. Physics 41(7):4572- 4581 (2000) DOI 10.1063/1.533363 See pdf Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., “A similarity model for light curve calculations”, Astronomy and Astrophysics 366(1):174-177 (2002)DOI 10.1051/0004-6361:20000223; See pdf Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., “On the Homogeneity of Type Ia Supernovae Light Curves”, Astrophysics and Space Science 282(2) (2002) DOI 10.1023/A:1020816605697 See pdf Mayer, F. J., Reitz, J. R., “Benchmarking a Light-curve Model at Low-z”, Astrophysics and Space Science 294(3):241-253 (2004) DOI 10.1007/s10509-004-2903-3 See pdf |
Frederick J. Mayer 